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Gluconeogenesis
Important Points About Gluconeogenesis:

How do glycolysis and gluconeogenesis differ? Gluconeogenesis is the opposite of glycolysis. It creates new (neogenesis) glucose (gluco-) for the body. If you've memorized the glycolysis pathway you just do the pathway in reverse and only need to change a few enzymes.

  1. In glycolysis phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) becomes pyruvate with the help of pyruvate kinase. In gluconeogenesis pyruvate first turns into oxaloacetate before becoming PEP.

  2. In glycolysis fructose-6-phosphate becomes fructose-1,6-bisphosphate with the help of PFK-1. In gluconeogenesis, fructose-1,6- bisphosphate becomes frustose-6-phosphate with the help of fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase. This is also the rate limiting enzyme. 

  3. In glycolysis glucose becomes glucose-6-phosphate with hexokinase (or glucokinase in the liver). In gluconeogenesis, glucose-6-phosphate becomes glucose with enzyme glucose-6-phosphatase.

Review Videos:
  • Gluconeogenesis- Dr. Matt and Dr. Mike explain gluconeogenesis in a low-tech but very easy to understand way along with how it correlates to clinical symptoms and physiologic needs. 

  • Gluconeogenesis by NinjaNerd  - NinjaNerd is the best channel for really understanding biochemical pathways and where they go wrong instead of just memorizing words. 

Other Resources: 
  • Comparison Image of Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis - This is the most clear image on glycolysis and gluconeogenesis compared. 

  • Gluconeogenesis by MedBullets- MedBullets offers outlines for the important highlights of any topic. This outline includes important steps, enzymes, dysfunctions, and regulation processes you should know related to gluconeogenesis. It's a great way to make sure you've learned everything you need to and organize your studying. 

Mnemonics:

Intermediate Mnemonic 

Princesses often prefer polite people because girls don't fall for grabby guys. 

Princesses - Pyruvate 

Often - Oxaloacetate

Prefer - Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)

Polite - 2-Phosphoglycerate 

People - 3-Phosphoglycerate

Because - 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate 

Girls - Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P) 

Don't - Dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP)

Fall - Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate 

For - Fructose-6-phosphate 

Grabby - Glucose-6-phosphate 

Guys - Glucose 

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Enzyme Mnemonic 

Polite people equally prefer princess girls to always frowning, petty grumps. 

Polite - Pyruvate carboxylase

People - PEP  carboxykinase

Equally - Enolase

Prefer - Phosphoglycerate mutase

Princess - Phosphoglycerate kinase

Girls - G3P dehydrogenase

To -Triose phosphate isomerase

Always - Aldolase 

Frowning - Fructose-1,6-bisphosphotase 

Petty - Phosphoglucoisomerase

Grumps - Glucose-6-phosphatase

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